Effects of Mindful Eating in Patients with Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychiatric illness related to a high frequency of episodes of binge eating, loss of control, body image dissatisfaction, and suffering caused by overeating. It is estimated that 30% of patients with BED are affected by obesity. "Mindful eating" (ME) is a promising new eating technique that can improve self-control and good food choices, helping to increase awareness about the triggers of binge eating episodes and intuitive eating training. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the impact of ME on episodes of binge eating, body image dissatisfaction, quality of life, eating habits, and anthropometric data [weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and waist circumference] in patients with obesity and BED. METHOD: This quantitative, prospective, longitudinal, and experimental study recruited 82 patients diagnosed with obesity and BED. The intervention was divided into eight individual weekly meetings, guided by ME sessions, nutritional educational dynamics, cooking workshops, food sensory analyses, and applications of questionnaires [Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Binge Eating Scale (BES); Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF)]. There was no dietary prescription for calories, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and fiber. Patients were only encouraged to consume fewer ultra-processed foods and more natural and minimally processed foods. The meetings occurred from October to November 2023. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: To carry out inferential statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of variable distribution. All variables were identified as non-normal distribution and were compared between the first and the eighth week using a two-tailed Wilcoxon test. Non-Gaussian data were represented by median ± interquartile range (IQR). Additionally, α < 0.05 and p < 0.05 were adopted. RESULTS: Significant reductions were found from the first to the eighth week for weight, BMI, waist circumference, episodes of binge eating, BSQ scale score, BES score, and total energy value (all p < 0.0001). In contrast, there was a significant increase in the WHOQOL-BREF score and daily water intake (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: ME improved anthropometric data, episodes of binge eating, body image dissatisfaction, eating habits, and quality of life in participants with obesity and BED in the short-term. However, an extension of the project will be necessary to analyze the impact of the intervention in the long-term.

Nutritional Strategies for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Thinking about greater adherence to dietary planning, it is extremely important to be aware of all nutritional strategies and dietary prescriptions available in the literature, and of which of them is the most efficient for the management of T2DM. METHODS: A search was carried out in 2023 for randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo, Web of Science, CrossRef and Google Scholar. In total, 202 articles were collected and analyzed. The period of publications was 1983-2023. RESULTS: There is still no consensus on what the best nutritional strategy or ideal dietary prescription is, and individuality is necessary. In any case, these references suggest that Mediterranean Diet may of greater interest for the management of T2DM, with the following recommended dietary prescription: 40-50% carbohydrates; 15-25% proteins; 25-35% fats (<7% saturated, 10% polyunsaturated, and 10% monounsaturated); at least 14 g of fiber for every 1000 kcal consumed; and <2300 mg sodium. CONCLUSIONS: Individuality is the gold standard for dietary prescriptions, however, the Mediterranean diet with low levels of carbohydrates and fats seems to be the most promising strategy for the management of T2DM.

Neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes mellitus: perspectivas atuais / Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: current outlook

A neuropatia autonômica cardíaca (NAC) é uma complicação comum do diabetes mellitus (DM) e frequentemente, subdiagnosticada. A NAC está associada ao aumento da mortalidade, cardiovascular e renal, doença renal crônica e maior morbidade em pacientes com DM. Apesar dessas consequências, muitas vezes, a NAC permanece sem diagnóstico por um período prolongado. Isso geralmente porque a doença é assintomática até a fase avançada, bem como pela falta de informações e de estratégias de triagem. Clinicamente NAC se manifesta por distúrbios funcionais ou condições clínicas que envolvem desajuste das atividades reflexas cardiovasculares, tais como taquicardia em repouso, intolerância ao exercício, hipotensão ortostática, instabilidade cardiovascular intraoperatória, disfunção elétrica do coração traduzida por arritmias e isquemia miocárdica silenciosa. Essas alterações comprometem a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida dos pacientes. A NAC, segundo sua evolução, pode ser subdividida em subclínica (fase em que predominam alterações funcionais reversíveis) e clínica (quando as alterações neuronais estruturais estão plenamente estabelecidas). A avaliação da integridade do sistema nervoso autonômico é realizada por meio de exploração da atividade parassimpática, analisando o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC) em resposta à respiração profunda, ortostatismo ou manobra de Valsalva. A atividade simpática é explorada por meio de aferição da pressão arterial em resposta a mudança de postura (ortostatismo) e esforço isométrico. A análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), no domínio do tempo, no domínio da frequência e por métodos gráficos complementam essa avaliação. Neste artigo de revisão, analisamos recentes informações sobre a epidemiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, e tratamentos da NAC

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common and often-underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). CAN is associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and morbidity in patients with DM, but despite these significant consequences CAN often remains undiagnosed for a prolonged period. This is commonly due to the disease being asymptomatic until the later stages, as well as a lack of easily available screening strategies. Clinically, CAN is manifested by functional disorders or clinical conditions that involve maladjustment of cardiovascular reflex activities, such as tachycardia at rest, exercise intolerance, orthostatic hypotension, intraoperative cardiovascular instability, electrical dysfunction of the heart translated by arrhythmias and silent myocardial ischemia. These changes compromise patients' quality of life and survival. CAN, according to its evolution, can be subdivided into subclinical (phase in which reversible functional changes predominate) and clinical (when structural neuronal changes are fully established). The assessment of the integrity of the autonomic nervous system is performed by exploring parasympathetic activity, analyzing the heart rate in response to deep breathing, orthostatism or Valsalva maneuver. Sympathetic activity is explored by measuring blood pressure in response to a change in posture (orthostatism) and isometric effort. The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), in the time domain, in the frequency domain and by graphic methods, complement this assessment. In this article, we review the latest developments in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, consequences, and treatments of CAN in patients with DM.

Barriers to insulin initiation in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazil.

AIMS: We aimed to explore insulin initiation barriers in the Brazilian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) elderly population, according to the physician's perspective, and suggest strategies to overcome them. METHODS: A 45-questions survey addressing issues as clinical characteristics, barriers to insulinization, and treatment strategies in elderly patients with T2DM, was sent to six endocrinologists from different Brazilian locations. Thereafter, all the respondents participated in a panel discussion to validate their responses and collect additional relevant data. RESULTS: Endocrinologists had at least 15 years of experience, with a mean of 63 elderly patients per month. Nearly 25% of the elderly patients were treated in the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS, Unified Health System); only a quarter presented proper glycemic control. In contrast, 55% of the patients from private healthcare system presented adequate glycemic control. The main barriers for insulin initiation for patients, according to physicians' perspective, are side effects and negative perception over treatment (100%). For endocrinologists, main barriers were lack of time to guide patients and concern over side effects (83%). Therefore, specialists considered education for both healthcare professionals and patients as one of the most important strategies to circumvent the current scenario related insulin therapy among elderly patients in the country. CONCLUSION: Insulin therapy remains underused due to several barriers, such as concern over side effects and negative perception. Educational measures for patients and HCPs could improve the current scenario.

Impaired flow-mediated dilation response and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with a mean disease duration of 4 1 years

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed at assessing the endothelial function in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). Materials and methods This study enrolled 32 T1DM patients (mean disease duration 4.1 years) and 28 age-matched controls (CTL Group). Endothelial function and CIMT were assessed with high-resolution ultrasound using standardized offline measurements. Results FMD was significantly lower in patients in the T1DM Group (8.9 ± 3.2%) compared with those in the CTL Group (13.3 ± 4.3%; P-value < 0.0001). Similarly, CIMT differed significantly between T1DM patients (0.525 ± 0.03 mm) and controls (0.508 ± 0.03 mm; P-value = 0.041). Even though, the values are within the normal range for age. Conclusions Patients with T1DM have impaired endothelial function characterized by reduced FMD when compared to controls. However, vascular remodeling as seen by increases in CIMT was not found in this study.

Diretriz brasileira baseada em evidências sobre prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes: posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) / Brazilian evidence-based guideline on cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with diabetes: positioning of the Brazilian Society of Diabetes (SBD), the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabology (SBEM)

Resumo Fundamentação: desde o primeiro posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD) sobre diabetes e prevenção cardiovascular, em 2014,1 importantes estudos têm sido publicados na área de prevenção cardiovascular e tratamento do diabetes,2 os quais contribuíram para a evolução na prevenção primária e secundária nos pacientes com diabetes. Ferramentas de estratificação de risco mais precisas, novos fármacos hipolipemiantes e novos antidiabéticos com efeitos cardiovasculares e redução da mortalidade, são parte desta nova abordagem para os pacientes com diabetes. O reconhecimento de que o diabetes é uma doença heterogênea foi fundamental, sendo claramente demonstrado que nem todos os pacientes diabéticos pertencem a categorias de risco alto ou muito alto. Um porcentual elevado é composto por pacientes jovens, sem os fatores de risco clássicos, os quais podem ser classificados adequadamente em categorias de risco intermediário ou mesmo em baixo risco cardiovascular. O presente posicionamento revisa as melhores evidências atualmente disponíveis e propõe uma abordagem prática, baseada em risco, para o tratamento de pacientes com diabetes. Estruturação: perante este desafio e reconhecendo a natureza multifacetada da doença, a SBD uniu-se à Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e à Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo (SBEM), e formou um painel de especialistas, constituído por 28 cardiologistas e endocrinologistas, para revisar as melhores evidências disponíveis e elaborar uma diretriz contendo recomendações práticas para a estratificação de risco e prevenção da Doença Cardiovascular (DVC) no Diabetes Melito (DM). As principais inovações incluem: (1) considerações do impacto de novos hipolipemiantes e das novas medicações antidiabéticas no risco cardiovascular; (2) uma abordagem prática, baseada em fator de risco, para orientar o uso das estatinas, incluindo novas definições das metas da Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade-colesterol (LDL-colesterol) e colesterol não Lipoproteína de Alta Densidade HDL; (3) uma abordagem baseada em evidências, para avaliar a isquemia miocárdica silenciosa (IMS) e a aterosclerose subclínica em pacientes com diabetes; (4) as abordagens mais atuais para o tratamento da hipertensão; e (5) recomendação de atualizações para o uso de terapia antiplaquetária. Esperamos que esta diretriz auxilie os médicos no cuidado dedicado aos pacientes com diabetes. Métodos: inicialmente, os membros do painel foram divididos em sete subcomitês para definirem os tópicos principais que necessitavam de uma posição atualizada das sociedades. Os membros do painel pesquisaram e buscaram no PubMed estudos clínicos randomizados e metanálises de estudos clínicos e estudos observacionais de boa qualidade, publicados entre 1997 e 2017, usando termos MeSH: [diabetes], [diabetes tipo 2], [doença cardiovascular], [estratificação de risco cardiovascular] [doença arterial coronária], [rastreamento], [isquemia silenciosa], [estatinas], [hipertensão], [ácido acetilsalicílico]. Estudos observacionais de baixa qualidade, metanálises com alta heterogeneidade e estudos transversais não foram incluídos, embora talvez tenham impactado no Nível de Evidência indicado. A opinião de especialistas foi usada quando os resultados das buscas não eram satisfatórios para um item específico. É importante salientar que este posicionamento não teve a intenção de incluir uma revisão sistemática rigorosa. Um manuscrito preliminar, destacando recomendações de graus e níveis de evidência (Quadro 1), foi esboçado. Este passo levou a várias discussões entre os membros dos subcomitês, que revisaram os achados e fizeram novas sugestões. O manuscrito foi, então, revisto pelo autor líder, encarregado da padronização do texto e da inclusão de pequenas alterações, sendo submetido à apreciação mais detalhada pelos membros dos comitês, buscando uma posição de consenso. Depois desta fase, o manuscrito foi enviado para a banca editorial e edição final, sendo encaminhado para publicação. Quadro 1 Graus de recomendações e níveis de evidências adotados nesta revisão Grau de recomendação Classe I A evidência é conclusiva ou, se não, existe consenso de que o procedimento ou tratamento é seguro e eficaz Classe II Há evidências contraditórias ou opiniões divergentes sobre segurança, eficácia, ou utilidade do tratamento ou procedimento Classe IIa As opiniões são favoráveis ao tratamento ou procedimento. A maioria dos especialistas aprova Classe IIb A eficácia é bem menos estabelecida, e as opiniões são divergentes Classe III Há evidências ou consenso de que o tratamento ou procedimento não é útil, eficaz, ou pode ser prejudicial Níveis de Evidência A Múltiplos estudos clínicos randomizados concordantes e bem elaborados ou metanálises robustas de estudos clínicos randomizados B Dados de metanálises menos robustas, um único estudo clínico randomizado ou estudos observacionais C Opinião dos especialistas

Brazilian guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: a position statement from the Brazilian Diabetes Society (SBD), the Brazilian Cardiology Society (SBC) and the Brazilian Endocrinology and Metabolism Society (SBEM).

BACKGROUND: Since the first position statement on diabetes and cardiovascular prevention published in 2014 by the Brazilian Diabetes Society, the current view on primary and secondary prevention in diabetes has evolved as a result of new approaches on cardiovascular risk stratification, new cholesterol lowering drugs, and new anti-hyperglycemic drugs. Importantly, a pattern of risk heterogeneity has emerged, showing that not all diabetic patients are at high or very high risk. In fact, most younger patients who have no overt cardiovascular risk factors may be more adequately classified as being at intermediate or even low cardiovascular risk. Thus, there is a need for cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with diabetes. The present panel reviews the best current evidence and proposes a practical risk-based approach on treatment for patients with diabetes. MAIN BODY: The Brazilian Diabetes Society, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, and the Brazilian Endocrinology and Metabolism Society gathered to form an expert panel including 28 cardiologists and endocrinologists to review the best available evidence and to draft up-to-date an evidence-based guideline with practical recommendations for risk stratification and prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. The guideline includes 59 recommendations covering: (1) the impact of new anti-hyperglycemic drugs and new lipid lowering drugs on cardiovascular risk; (2) a guide to statin use, including new definitions of LDL-cholesterol and in non-HDL-cholesterol targets; (3) evaluation of silent myocardial ischemia and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes; (4) hypertension treatment; and (5) the use of antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is a heterogeneous disease. Although cardiovascular risk is increased in most patients, those without risk factors or evidence of sub-clinical atherosclerosis are at a lower risk. Optimal management must rely on an approach that will cover both cardiovascular disease prevention in individuals in the highest risk as well as protection from overtreatment in those at lower risk. Thus, cardiovascular prevention strategies should be individualized according to cardiovascular risk while intensification of treatment should focus on those at higher risk.

Impaired flow-mediated dilation response and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with a mean disease duration of 4.1 years.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the endothelial function in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study enrolled 32 T1DM patients (mean disease duration 4.1 years) and 28 age-matched controls (CTL Group). Endothelial function and CIMT were assessed with high-resolution ultrasound using standardized offline measurements. RESULTS: FMD was significantly lower in patients in the T1DM Group (8.9 ± 3.2%) compared with those in the CTL Group (13.3 ± 4.3%; P-value < 0.0001). Similarly, CIMT differed significantly between T1DM patients (0.525 ± 0.03 mm) and controls (0.508 ± 0.03 mm; P-value = 0.041). Even though, the values are within the normal range for age. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T1DM have impaired endothelial function characterized by reduced FMD when compared to controls. However, vascular remodeling as seen by increases in CIMT was not found in this study.

Brazilian guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: a position statement from the Brazilian Diabetes Society (SBD), the Brazilian Cardiology Society (SBC) and the Brazilian Endocrinology and Metabolism Society (SBEM)

BACKGROUND: Since the first position statement on diabetes and cardiovascular prevention published in 2014 by the Brazilian Diabetes Society, the current view on primary and secondary prevention in diabetes has evolved as a result of new approaches on cardiovascular risk stratification, new cholesterol lowering drugs, and new anti-hyperglycemic drugs. Importantly, a pattern of risk heterogeneity has emerged, showing that not all diabetic patients are at high or very high risk. In fact, most younger patients who have no overt cardiovascular risk factors may be more adequately classified as being at intermediate or even low cardiovascular risk. Thus, there is a need for cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with diabetes. The present panel reviews the best current evidence and proposes a practical risk-based approach on treatment for patients with diabetes. MAIN BODY: The Brazilian Diabetes Society, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, and the Brazilian Endocrinology and Metabolism Society gathered to form an expert panel including 28 cardiologists and endocrinologists to review the best available evidence and to draft up-to-date an evidence-based guideline with practical recommendations for risk stratification and prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. The guideline includes 59 recommendations covering: (1) the impact of new anti-hyperglycemic drugs and new lipid lowering drugs on cardiovascular risk; (2) a guide to statin use, including new definitions of LDL-cholesterol and in non-HDL-cholesterol targets; (3) evaluation of silent myocardial ischemia and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes; (4) hypertension treatment; and (5) the use of antiplatelet therapy.

Health-related quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the different geographical regions of Brazil: data from the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group.

BACKGROUND: In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management, enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is as important as good metabolic control and prevention of secondary complications. This study aims to evaluate possible regional differences in HRQoL, demographic features and clinical characteristics of patients with T1DM in Brazil, a country of continental proportions, as well as investigate which variables could influence the HRQoL of these individuals and contribute to these regional disparities. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study performed by the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG), by analyzing EuroQol scores from 3005 participants with T1DM, in 28 public clinics, among all geographical regions of Brazil. Data on demography, economic status, chronic complications, glycemic control and lipid profile were also collected. RESULTS: We have found that the North-Northeast region presents a higher index in the assessment of the overall health status (EQ-VAS) compared to the Southeast (74.6 ± 30 and 70.4 ± 19, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, North-Northeast presented a lower frequency of self-reported anxiety-depression compared to all regions of the country (North-Northeast: 1.53 ± 0.6; Southeast: 1.65 ± 0.7; South: 1.72 ± 0.7; Midwest: 1.67 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). These findings could not be entirely explained by the HbA1c levels or the other variables examined. CONCLUSIONS: Our study points to the existence of additional factors not yet evaluated that could be determinant in the HRQoL of people with T1DM and contribute to these regional disparities.

Paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica: relato de caso / Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis: a case report

Relata-se neste artigo o caso de um paciente de ascendência negra com quadro agudo e progressivo de paralisia flácida ascendente, sem comprometimento de musculatura respiratória ou facial, em vigência de hipertireoidismo em tratamento e hipocalemia desencadeados por quadro infeccioso. Foi realizado o diagnóstico de paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica e controle inicial dos sintomas por adequação sérica do potássio e posterior resolução do quadro após tratamento com iodoterapia.

It is reported in this paper the case of a black ancestry patient with acute and progressive framework ascending flaccid paralysis without impairment of respiratory and facial muscles, in effect in treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypokalemia triggered by infection. The diagnosis of thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis was accomplished and initial symptoms were controlled for adequacy of serum potassium and subsequent resolution after treatment with radioiodine.

Sobre os "tratamentos à distância" em psicoterapia de orientação analítica / On 'treatments at a distance' in psychoanalytic psychotherapy"

O autor apresenta, de forma sucinta, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os assim chamados "tratamentos psicoterápicos e analíticos à distância": por telefone, via Skype ou e-mails. Fica claro o fato de não existirem artigos com corpo teórico consistente para dar suporte científico a essa variante técnica; tampouco parece haver evidências clínicas convincentes de que essa inovação possa funcionar em molde semelhante ao do método standard. O autor conclui afirmando que novas pesquisas precisam ser feitas nessa área, sempre incluindo material clínico com sessões dialogadas, para que se possa ter uma avaliação mais apurada dessa novidade técnica.(AU)

The author presents, briefly, a bibliographical revision on the so-called "psychotherapeutic and analytical treatments at a distance" over the telephone, via Skype or e-mails. Clearly the fact is that there are no articles with a consistent theoretical body to give scientific support to this technical variant; nor does there seem to be convincing clinical evidence that this innovation can function in a similar mold to that of the standard method. The author concludes stating that further research needs to be done in this area, always including clinical material with dialogued sessions, in order to have a more accurate assessment of this technical novelty.(AU)

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: from evidence to clinical practice - position statement 2014 of Brazilian Diabetes Society.

There is a very well known correlation between diabetes and cardiovascular disease but many health care professionals are just concerned with glycemic control, ignoring the paramount importance of controlling other risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of serious cardiovascular diseases. This Position Statement from the Brazilian Diabetes Society was developed to promote increased awareness in relation to six crucial topics dealing with diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Glicemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Screening Coronary Artery Disease, Treatment of Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Antiplatelet Therapy and Myocardial Revascularization. The issue of what would be the best algorithm for the use of statins in diabetic patients received a special attention and a new Brazilian algorithm was developed by our editorial committee. This document contains 38 recommendations which were classified by their levels of evidence (A, B, C and D). The Editorial Committee included 22 specialists with recognized expertise in diabetes and cardiology.

Lesão folicular: correlação entre achados da punção aspirativa por agulha fina de tireoide e exame anatomopatológico / Follicular lesion: correlation between findings of fine needle aspiration of thyroid and histological study

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A punção aspirativa por agulha fina é um método de alta acurácia no diagnóstico pré-operatório de nódulos tireoidianos, porém, quando se trata de lesões de padrão folicular, ainda há limitação diagnóstica na distinção entre lesões benignas e malignas. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a taxa de malignidade em lesões foliculares de tireoide a partir do exame anatomopatológico de pacientes cirurgicamente tratados em centro médico quaternário. MÉTODOS: Análise observacional retrospectiva dos casos de lesão folicular de tireoide investigados em ambiente ambulatorial pela disciplina de Endocrinologia do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto no período entre 1º de janeiro de 2000 e 31 de dezembro de 2012. RESULTADOS: Dentre o total de 1.150 punções aspirativa por agulha fina realizadas, 841 tiveram diagnóstico citológico de benignidade (73,13%), 117 tiveram diagnóstico de malignidade (10,17%) e 192 tiveram diagnóstico de lesão folicular de significado indeterminado (16,70%). Destes, 144 (75%) foram submetidos à tireoidectomia para diagnóstico anatomopatológico confirmatório, tendo prevalência de malignidade em 36,80%. Houve predomínio do carcinoma papilífero de tireoide (20,83%), seguido do carcinoma folicular de tireoide(15,28%) e apenas um caso de carcinoma medular de tireoide (0,69%). CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de malignidade nas citologias de padrão folicular, após correlação histológica neste serviço, foi superior à estimada na literatura, o que evidencia o valor da punção aspirativa por agulha fina como um exame de screening de nódulos tireoidianos e reforça a importância da confirmação histopatológica, para correto tratamento e seguimento desses pacientes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The fine needle aspiration is a method of high accuracy in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules, but when it comes to follicular lesions there are still limitations in diagnostic distinction between benign and malignant lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions from the pathologic exam of patients surgically treated in a quaternary medical center. METHODS: Retrospective observational analysis of cases of thyroid follicular lesions investigated in an outpatient basis by the Endocrinology Department, at Hospital de Base, in the city of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, in the period between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012. RESULTS: Among a total of 1,150 fine needle aspirations, 841 had benign cytological diagnosis (73.13%), 117 had diagnosis of malignancy (10.17%) and 192 had diagnosis of follicular lesions of undetermined significance (16.70%). Of these, 144 (75%) underwent thyroidectomy for confirmatory histological diagnosis, with prevalence of malignancy in 36.80%. There was a predominance of papillary thyroid carcinoma (20.83%), followed by follicular thyroid carcinoma (15.28%) and only one case of medullary thyroid carcinoma (0.69%). CONCLUSION: The rate of malignancy in follicular cytology after histologic correlation in our service was higher than that estimated in the literature, showing the value of fine needle aspiration as a screening test for thyroid nodules, and reinforcing the importance of histopathological confirmation for correct handling and follow-up of these patients.

Sobre os mistérios da música / Sobre los misterios de la música / On the mysteries of music

O autor tece breves considerações sobre o sentido da música com base em algumas contribuições ao estudo desse tema. Sugere, inspirado em Meltzer, que a escuta musical pode se tornar mais rica quando feita à semelhança da escuta analítica do sonho de um analisando...

The author makes brief considerations on the meaning of music based on some contributions to the study of this topic. He suggests, inspired in Meltzer, that music listening may become richer when done akin to the analytic listening of the analysand’s dream...

El autor teje breves consideraciones sobre el sentido de la música con base en algunos aportes al estudio de ese tema. Sugiere, inspirado en Meltzer, que la escucha musical puede hacerse más rica cuando realizada de manera semejante a la escucha analítica del sueño de un analizando...

Hipocalemia persistente: relato de caso / Persistent hypokalemia: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os distúrbios do metabolismo do potássio são comuns e tanto a reposição como o diagnóstico etiológico da hipocalemia grave e refratária em pacientes internados são um grande desafio na prática clínica. A diminuição do potássio plasmático leva a um grande prejuízo na função de nervos e músculos, podendo resultar em arritmias graves, em que o paciente na maioria das vezes apresenta-se assintomático, ou com queixas inespecíficas, como fraqueza muscular. O objetivo deste estudo foi mostrar a dificuldade no diagnóstico etiológico da hipocalemia e trazer alternativas para simplificá-lo. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 34 anos, técnico em enfermagem, que evoluiu com hipocalemia persistentee grave. No período de dois meses evoluiu com quadro de hipertensão arterial, e, posteriormente, acne, confusão mental e diabetes com baixos valores plasmáticos de potássio apesar da reposição vigorosa, por via oral e venosa, de cloreto de potássio. Após descartar o hiperaldosteronismo, investigou-se hipercortisolismo,apesar de discretos achados fenotípicos de síndrome de Cushing. Com a confirmação do diagnóstico de doença de Cushing, o mesmo foi submetido à adrenalectomia bilateral com rápida correção dos valores pressóricos, glicêmicos e de potássio sérico. CONCLUSÃO: Diante de um caso de hipocalemia grave e refratária à reposição, torna-se indispensável o estabelecimento do diagnóstico etiológico para a correção deste grave distúrbio metabólico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Metabolic disorders of potassium are common and both the replacement and the etiology of severe and refractory hypokalemia in hospitalized patients are a major challenge in clinical practice. The decrease in plasma potassium leads to a large impairment of nerves and muscles function and can result in life-threatening arrhythmias, in which the patient is most often asymptomatic or presents with nonspecific complaints, such as muscle weakness. This study aims to show the difficulty in diagnosing the etiology of hypokalemia and bring alternatives to simplify it. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 34 years-old, technical nursing has developed severe and persistent hypokalemia. In a two-month period he progressed with hypertension, and later, acne, diabetes, mental confusion and low plasma levels of potassium despite vigorous oral and intravenous potassium chloride replacement. After discarding hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism was investigated, although discrete phenotypic findings of Cushing's syndrome were present. Just after confirmation of Cushing's disease, the patient has undergone bilateral adrenalectomy with rapid correction of blood pressure values serum glucose and potassium. CONCLUSION: Facing a case of severe hypokalemia refractory to potassium replacement, it is essential to establish an etiological diagnosis for the correction of this serious metabolic disorder.

Prevalence of adults with type 1 diabetes who meet the goals of care in daily clinical practice: a nationwide multicenter study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who meet the glycemic and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors goals and the frequency of screening for diabetic complications in Brazil according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. Data were obtained from 1774 adult patients (56.8% females, 57.2% Caucasians) aged 30.3 ± 9.8 years with diabetes duration of 14.3 ± 8.8 years. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure was at goal in 40.3% and diastolic blood pressure was at goal in 26.6% of hypertensive patients. LDL cholesterol and HbA1c were at the goal in 45.2% and 13.2% of the patients, respectively. Overweight was presented in 25.6% and obesity in 6.9%. Among those with more than 5 years of disease, screening for retinopathy was performed in the preceding year in 70.1%. Nephropathy and feet complications were screened in 63.1% and 65.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients did not meet metabolic control goals and a substantial proportion was not screened for diabetic complications. These issues may increase the risk of chronic complications and negatively impact public health.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: difference between potassium determined by blood gas analysis versus plasma measurement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of potassium concentrations measured by blood gas analysis (PBG) compared with laboratory serum potassium (LSP), in the initial care of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty three patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. PBG was carried out using the Radiometer ABL 700 (Radiometer Copenhagen(®)), and results were compared with LSP ADVIA 1650 Chemistry system (Siemens(®)), the gold standard method. Both methods are based on potentiometry. RESULTS: Mean PBG was 3.66 mmol/L and mean LSP was 4.79 mmol/L. Mean difference between PBG and LSP was -1.13 mmol/L (p < 0.0005, 95% CI, -1.39 to -0,86). Lin concordance correlation coefficient was rc = 0.28 (95% CIb, 0.10 to 0.45), demonstrating low concordance between the methods. CONCLUSION: Although PBG measurement is faster and easier, it should not be used as a surrogate for LSP in the clinical treatment of DKA.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: difference between potassium determined by blood gas analysis versus plasma measurement / Cetoacidose diabética: diferença entre as concentrações do potássio na gasometria sanguínea versus potássio plasmático

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of potassium concentrations measured by blood gas analysis (PBG) compared with laboratory serum potassium (LSP), in the initial care of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty three patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. PBG was carried out using the Radiometer ABL 700 (Radiometer Copenhagen®), and results were compared with LSP ADVIA 1650 Chemistry system (Siemens®), the gold standard method. Both methods are based on potentiometry. RESULTS: Mean PBG was 3.66 mmol/L and mean LSP was 4.79 mmol/L. Mean difference between PBG and LSP was -1.13 mmol/L (p < 0.0005, 95 percent CI, -1.39 to -0,86). Lin concordance correlation coefficient was rc = 0.28 (95 percent CIb, 0.10 to 0.45), demonstrating low concordance between the methods. CONCLUSION: Although PBG measurement is faster and easier, it should not be used as a surrogate for LSP in the clinical treatment of DKA.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da mensuração da concentração de potássio realizado nos analisa-dores de gasometria sanguínea (PGS) em relação ao potássio plasmático laboratorial (PPL) no atendimento inicial dos pacientes com cetoacidose diabética (CAD). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 53 pacientes com diabetes melito e CAD. A análise do PGS foi realizada pelo equipamento ABL 700 (Radiometer Copenhagen®), sendo este comparado ao método padrão-ouro de PPL ADVIA 1650 (Siemens®), ambos por potenciometria. RESULTADOS: A média do PGS foi de 3,66 mmol/L e do PPL, de 4,79 mmol/L. A diferença das médias do PGS em relação ao PPL foi de -1,13 mmol/L (p < 0,0005, IC = 95 por cento; -1,39 a -0,86). O coeficiente de concordância de Lin foi de rc = 0,28 (ICb = 95 por cento; 0,10 a 0,45), demonstrando, assim, uma baixa concordância entre os métodos. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de a realização do PGS ser tecnicamente mais rápida e fácil, não deve ser usada como parâmetro substituto ao PPL para o tratamento clínico da CAD.

Sobre o ensino de psicoterapia de orientação analítica / On the teaching of psychoanalytic psychotherapy

O autor apresenta, de forma sucinta, sua experiência como professor dePsicoterapia de Orientação Analítica junto aos alunos do terceiro ano de residênciaem psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O programa deensino da disciplina é discutido, bem como a forma de avaliação dos alunos.São feitas considerações sobre algumas das dificuldades próprias dessa atividade.(AU)